A pulses update for southern NSW 2017

Conclusion

Faba bean research in southern NSW is providing evidence to continually update and establish improved agronomic guidelines and management practices for growers and advisers. As southern NSW is in the cross-over zone for northern and southern varieties, further research is required to understand and identify the ideal phenotypic characteristics required to maximise profitability in this environment. 

Consideration of guidelines for variety selection, paddock selection, time of sowing, weed control, disease management and harvest timing, as well as strategic marketing, will enable growers to include faba beans as a profitable pulse option in their farming system.

Lentil update

Background

Lentil is a superior pulse often attracting a premium price over other pulse crops due to its consumption by humans. Most pulses (and their associated symbiotic rhizobia) prefer neutral to alkaline soils. Lentil growth, development and rhizobia survival can be affected when soil pHCa drops below 5.2. Lentil varieties have vastly improved over the past decade due to breeding efforts by Pulse Breeding Australia (PBA). New varieties with improved vigour, height, disease resistance, pod-shatter resistance and yield are now available. To complement these new varieties, agronomic management guidelines are being developed specifically for southern NSW soils and environments. Research into the specific agronomic management of sowing time and seeding rate is increasing the potential of lentil crops.   This new generation of varieties, agronomic management and technical support have generated renewed interest in the crop in southern NSW and areas are expanding. 

Key messages

• Lentils have been grown successfully in southern NSW.
• Paddock selection is critical in terms of pH, drainage, herbicide residues, vetch, weeds and stones.
• Sowing time is critical.
• Sow lentils from late April to mid-May in the western cropping region of southern NSW.
• Sow lentils early to late May in the eastern cropping region of southern NSW.
• Target establishment densities of 120 plants/m².
• Lentils are sensitive to acidic soils. Apply lime when soil pH_Ca falls below 5.0 to 20cm depth.
• Sowing depth of 5-7cm is required to avoid post-emergent (PE) and post-sowing pre-emergent (PSPE) herbicide damage.
• Follow a disease management program, particularly for botrytis grey mould (BGM).
• Insect control and timely desiccation, windrowing and harvest are important. 
• Variety purity is critical for marketing purposes (max. 1% contamination with other varieties is allowed).

Lentil agronomy

Aims

Two 2016 experiments aimed to compare growth, development and yield of current commercial lentil varieties and advanced breeding lines at three times of sowing (28 April, 17 May and 2 June) at Wagga Wagga and two sowing times (4 May, 20 May) at Yenda. 

The data collected will be used to confirm and update current agronomic recommendations for lentils in this region.

Key findings at Wagga Wagga

• No significant yield difference was found between the 28 April and 17 May sowing dates, averaged across varieties.
• Averaged across all varieties, there was a 26% yield penalty when sowing was further delayed from 17 May to 2 June.
• PBA Hurricane XT, PBA Jumbo and PBA Ace  were the highest yielding commercial varieties, when averaged across sowing times.
• Despite a very long and favourable growing season, 2016 results support previous work showing the importance of sowing within the recommended sowing window.
• PBA Bolt and Nipper were the only varieties to yield significantly less at TOS 2.

Key findings at Yenda

• Given an ideal growing season with good disease control and 517mm of GSR at Yenda, there was no significant difference between 4 May and 20 May sowing dates.
• Across all varieties tested there was no significant response to sowing time, which validates the current sowing window recommendation.
• PBA Hurricane XT, PBA Jumbo 2 and PBA Bolt were the highest yielding commercial varieties.
• Surprisingly, PBA Ace was significantly lower yielding than PBA Hurricane XT, PBA Jumbo 2 and PBA Bolt in this experiment which is not consistent with previous research.

Figure 4. Grain yield of eight lentil varieties sown at three dates at Wagga Wagga in 2016 (column on left is earliest sowing date).

Figure 5. Mean grain yield of eight lentil varieties sown at two dates at Yenda in 2016.

Lentil key messages

Sowing time

Sowing date is one of the most critical management factors for lentil. It determines growth, production and yield in southern NSW. Results from 2013-2016 agronomy trials and anecdotal evidence from growers, and from production in other states indicate the optimum time to sow lentils in southern NSW is:

• Late April through to mid-May in the western cropping region (later than lupins and faba beans, but earlier than field peas).
• Early to late May (7-10 days later than western region) in the eastern cropping region. 

Sowing beyond these dates severely compromises growth, production and yield. Previous research has shown delays of 10-20 days later then these sowing windows severely reduced yield by up to 20%-40 % (Figure 5), largely due to the increasing frequencies of dry finishes to the season over the past decade. Sowing earlier than these dates encourages disease, lodging, loss of seed quality and more aggressive weed growth in a crop, branded as a poor weed competitor.

 

Varieties

Variety selection should be based on grain yield, cotyledon colour and seed size. Current commercial varieties have either red or yellow cotyledons, and are then further divided into small, medium or large seeded types (Table 1). The crop is marketed according to these criteria with overriding quality factors such as seed staining, splitting and impurities determining price.

The following varieties listed have performed well in experiments in southern NSW from 2012- 2016. 
​This symbol denotes Plant Breeder’s Rights apply.
End Point Royalty (EPR) 2016-17 quoted $/tonne ex-GST.

Red lentil – PBA Ace. PBA Ace is a medium sized red lentil with grey seed. A mid-season lentil that has been the highest yielding across all areas, though it can be lower yielding in dry years or high temperatures. PBA Ace is best suited to longer season areas replacing Nugget and PBA Jumbo. It is resistant (R) to ascochyta and moderately resistant to moderately susceptible (MRMS) to BGM. It is intolerant to salinity and boron. High milling quality. Released 2012. PB Seeds. EPR $5.

Red lentil – PBA Bolt. PBA Bolt is a medium sized red lentil with grey seed, adapted to the lower-medium rainfall areas. While similar to PBA Flash with early-mid maturity and salinity tolerance, it is moderately resistant (MR) to foliar ascochyta blight and R to seed ascochyta blight. Its susceptibility to BGM makes it less suited to medium-high rainfall areas in wetter years and with early sowing. Like PBA Flash, PBA Bolt is a good variety for timely crop topping to control weeds. An erect habit and good lodging resistance make it easier to harvest in dry conditions. Released 2012. PB Seeds. EPR $5.

Red lentil – PBA Hurricane XT. PBA Hurricane XT is a small red seeded lentil with mid flowering and maturity. Like PBA Herald XT, it has tolerance to imazethapyr with an interim permit for pre or post-emergent application to 2017.  It has improved tolerance to the herbicide flumetsulam plus reduced sensitivity to some sulfonylurea and imidazolinone herbicide residues. It is important to note that growers must adhere to product label rates, plant back periods and all label directions for use. PBA Hurricane XT is the highest yielding small red lentil available in Australia and has improved yields over PBA Herald XT, Nipper and Nugget, but lower than PBA Ace. It is MR to foliar ascochyta, R to seed ascochyta and moderately susceptible (MS) to BGM. Released 2013 (CIPAL1101). PB Seeds. EPR $5.

Red lentil – PBA Jumbo2. PBA Jumbo2 is the highest yielding large seeded red lentil, approximately 10% higher than PBA Jumbo. It is a direct replacement for Jumbo and Aldinga. It has a similar seed size to PBA Jumbo and Aldinga with a grey seed coat. It is mid flowering and has a maturity similar to PBA Jumbo. It is well suited to no-till inter-row sowing into standing stubble. It is R to ascochyta and BGM. Tolerance to soil boron is similar to PBA Flash. PBA Jumbo2 is suited to medium to high rainfall regions, where it produces uniform larger seed size well suited to premium large red split lentil markets. Released 2014 (CIPAL1203). PB Seeds. EPR $5.

Green lentil – PBA Greenfield. The highest yielding green lentil variety with yields similar to PBA Ace. PBA Greenfield is a medium-sized green lentil broadly adapted but best-suited to the medium rainfall lentils growing regions. It has improved tolerance to salinity and resistance to shattering, although timely harvest is still required. It is MRMS to foliar and seed ascochyta and MR to BGM. Released 2014 (CIPAL1104). PB Seeds. EPR $5.

Analysis of long-term trial data indicates PBA Jumbo2, PBA Greenfield and PBA Ace to be the best adapted, and highest yielding varieties in both the eastern, higher rainfall region of Wagga Wagga and the western lower rainfall region of Yenda (Figure 6). Whilst the imi-tolerant PBA Hurricane XT is slightly lower yielding than the conventional varieties, it would be the variety of choice if weed control and herbicide residues were high priority factors with variety selection.

Figure 6. NVT Long Term Results (2008-15) for lentils in the south east (Wagga Wagga) and south west (Yenda) areas of southern NSW cropping zone. Yields are presented as a percentage of the site mean yield. 

Table 1. Lentil time of sowing guide.
This Table is a guide only and has been compiled from experimental data and observations in southern NSW only.

RIVERINA/CENTRAL WEST	April				May				June
PBA Ace, PBA Bolt, PBA Greenfield, PBA Hurricane XT, PBA Jumbo2				>	*	*	<
SOUTH WEST SLOPES	April				May				June
PBA Ace, PBA Bolt, PBA Greenfield, PBA Giant, PBA Hurricane XT, PBA Jumbo2				>	*	*	*	<

>earlier than ideal, *optimum sowing time, < later than ideal but acceptable.

Table 2. Lentil variety agronomic guide (may vary with sowing time and location).

Variety	Grain type	Seed coat	Seed size (%)*	Flowering time	Maturity	Lodging	Shattering	Salinity	Boron
Small red seed
PBA Hurricane XT	red	grey	85	mid	mid	MR	R	I	I
Medium red seed
PBA Ace PBA Bolt	red red	grey grey	100 100	mid early/mid	mid early/mid	MRMS R	MRMS R	I MI	I MI
Large red seed
PBA Jumbo2	red	grey	120	mid	mid	MRMS	R	I	MI
Medium green lentil
PBA Greenfield	yellow	green	130	mid	mid/late	MS	MR	MI	I
Large green lentil
PBA Giant	yellow	green	170	mid	mid/late	MS	MRMS	I	MI

R = resistant, MR=moderately resistant, MS=moderately susceptible, S=susceptible, VS=very susceptible, I=intolerant, MT= moderately tolerant, MI= moderately intolerant. * ratings relative to Nugget. Can flower and mature relatively earlier if sown early.

Sowing depth and herbicide sensitivity

Lentils have excellent seedling vigour, making them one of the quickest pulses to emerge and establish. Therefore, lentil seeds can be sown deeper (5-7cm) into safer zones to avoid potential damage from triazines. Care should be taken when applying and incorporating herbicides on acidic, light textured soils, as some herbicides can be more active and mobile in these situations. Under these conditions, it is advisable to apply herbicides pre-sowing, lower herbicide rates, and sow seed deeper below the herbicide band, that is, 5-7 cm.

Seeding rates

Recommended target plant densities for lentils are 110-130 plant/m2. Therefore, seeding rates are adjusted according to seed size and germination. This approximates to 45-55kg/ha for small seeded varieties such as PBA Hurricane, 55-70kg/ha for medium sized varieties such as PBA Ace and 75-90kg/ha for large seeded varieties such as PBA Jumbo2 and PBA Giant. 

Under less favourable conditions such as later sowing, marginal sowing moisture or poor seasons, increase seeding rates by 10%-20% to facilitate canopy closure, improved growth and higher grain yield.

Herbicide tolerant lentil varieties

PBA Herald XT and PBA Hurricane XT introduce tolerance to the Group B herbicide imazethapyr, such as Spinnaker^® and Belta^®, thereby widening weed-control options in lentils. This is particularly relevant in a crop with only a narrow range of registered herbicides. They also have improved tolerance to flumetsulam, for example, Broadstrike^®, as well as reduced sensitivity to residuals of some sulfonylurea, for example, Glean^® and Logran^® and imidazolinone herbicides, such as Raptor^®. This provides some reassurance to lentil growers that problems of herbicide residues from previous cropping can be avoided. 

It is very important that product label rates, plant-back periods for subsequent crops, and directions for use are adhered to when using these herbicides.

Disease
Ascochyta blight (Ascochyta lentis) causes black lesions on the stem and the wilting of plants. Variety selection, seed treatment and fungicide sprays are important management practices.

Botrytis grey mould (Botrytis cinerea) is another serious disease in southern Australia. It attacks the base of the stem and the collar region of young plants, where a soft rot develops and then becomes covered with a fluffy grey mould, infected seed is white and chalky in appearance.

Current varieties vary in their resistance to both ascochyta blight and BGM. This should be taken into account when selecting a variety. High levels of BGM were observed in some crops in 2016.

Where there is high risk of BGM, growers using susceptible varieties need to apply fungicides before canopy closure. Variety choice, delayed time of sowing and wider row spacing can assist in minimising BGM.

To develop a suitable virus management strategy, it is important to test seed for cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) if symptoms were observed in the seed crop. Aphids multiply rapidly in lentil crops. Seed treatment, an early insecticide application, continued monitoring and action may be needed to avoid rapid aphid build up and virus spread, both within the crop and to nearby crops. Thin crop stands are more attractive to aphids. Effective management of Heliothis and Etiella to prevent grain damage remains important for marketing purposes.

Table 3. Disease rating for some current lentil varieties. 
Disease ratings from PBA, January 2015. No variety with a R rating is immune to disease, and fungicide application may be required under severe disease pressure.

Variety	Ascochyta blight Foliar	Ascochyta blight Seed/pod	Botrytis Grey Mould (BGM)	P. neglectus (provisional)	P. thornei (provisional)
Small red seed
PBA Hurricane XT	MR	R	MS	MRMSp	MRp
Medium red seed
PBA Ace PBA Bolt	R MR	R R	MRMS S	MRp MRp	MRp MRp
Large red seed
PBA Jumbo2	R	R	R	MSp	MRp
Medium green lentil
PBA Greenfield	MRMS	MRMS	MR
Large green lentil
PBA Giant	MR	MS	MS	MRp	MRp

Resistance order from best to worst: R > RMR > MR > MRMS > MS > MSS > S > SVS > VS.
p = provisional ratings - treat with caution.   R = resistant,   M = moderately,   S = susceptible , V = very.

Conclusion

Recent research in southern NSW shows that lentils can be successfully grown with sound agronomic planning and management. Careful consideration must be given to variety selection, paddock selection (soil pH and drainage), time of sowing, herbicide residues, weed control, harvest timing and market opportunities. 

Lupin update

Background

Lupin production is suited to the well-drained, medium to lighter soil types in central and southern NSW. Lupins have many advantages in both cropping and mixed cropping-livestock farming systems. They can be used to extend cereal crop rotations by acting as a break crop (non-host) for cereal diseases. Other benefits include significant N contribution for subsequent crops, improved soil structure, and alternate weed control options to delay or reduce the incidence of herbicide resistance. Lupins also provide a high protein grain that can be valuable as part of a profitable livestock enterprise.

Two species of lupins, narrow-leaf (Lupinus angustifolius) and albus (L. albus), are widely grown. The NSW DPI Southern Pulse Survey 2015-16 indicated that lupins make up 49% of the southern NSW pulse area. Narrow-leaf lupins tolerate moderately acid soils (pH_Ca 4.5-6.0) and high levels of exchangeable aluminium (up to 20%) and manganese. However, growth and development (and survival of rhizobia) can be affected when soil pH_Ca drops below 5. Albus lupins are less tolerant of acid soils than narrow-leaf lupins (but more so than canola or wheat) and can accumulate high manganese levels in the grain when grown in high manganese soils. Albus lupins are more susceptible to waterlogging than narrow-leaf lupins and this was evident in some paddocks in 2016.

Aims

Two 2016 experiments were conducted, which aimed to compare growth, development and yield of 12 current commercial lupin varieties and advanced breeding lines at three times of sowing (28 April, 17 May and 2 June) at Wagga Wagga and two sowing times (4 May, 20 May) at Yenda. 

The data collected will be used to confirm and update current agronomic recommendations for lupins in this region.

Key findings at Wagga Wagga

• Given a very long and favourable season and 525mm of GSR at this site, there was no significant main effect of sowing time from 28 April to 2 June; however there were some interesting variety by sowing date interactions detected.
• Averaged across sowing dates, PBA Gunyidi (3.06t/ha) was the highest yielding angustifolius followed by WALAN2533 (2.85t/ha) and PBA Jurien (2.84t/ha).
• The albus varieties yielded significantly higher at 17 May (3.56t/ha) than the earlier 28 April (3.2t/ha) and later sowing 2 June (2.95t/ha) sowing dates.

Key findings at Yenda

• Given a very long and favourable season and 517mm of GSR at this site, an above average site mean yield of 4.04t/ha was obtained in this experiment. 
• Averaged across species, angustifolius was 19% and 10% higher yielding than albus at TOS1 and TOS 2, respectively (Figure 8). 
• PBA Jurien and Mandelup were the only varieties to yield significantly higher at TOS 1 over TOS 2 at 12.9% and 20.3%, respectively (Figure 8).
• There was no significant response to sowing time in any of the albus varieties tested. 

Figure 7. Grain yield of 12 lupin varieties sown at three dates at Wagga Wagga in 2016 (column on left is earliest sowing date).

Figure 8. Grain yield of 12 varieties sown at two dates at Yenda in 2016 (column on left is earliest sowing date).

Key lupin messages

• The fungal disease anthracnose was detected for the first time in commercial lupin crops in NSW in 2016. Currently the disease is confined to a small number of properties in southern NSW with restrictions in place. Lupin production can continue for the remainder of NSW outside the restriction zones. 
• Wonga, PBA Jurien and PBA Barlock are R whilst PBA Gunyidi (MR-R) and Mandelup (MR) are slightly more susceptible. All other narrow-leaf and albus lupin varieties are very susceptible to anthracnose. 
• Growers are advised to follow the five point management plan that is recommended for all lupin producers in NSW to prevent the establishment and spread of the disease. Readers are directed to the Lindbeck et al. (2017) report in these proceedings, ‘Pulse Diseases — The ‘Watch Outs’ for 2017’.   
• All current lupin varieties are susceptible to frost damage. Lupins are most vulnerable during the reproductive phase, which occurs once they initiate stem elongation. Frost damage risk can be reduced by not sowing varieties earlier than the recommended sowing window and so avoid flowering in July to early August. For most lupin-growing areas in southern NSW, sowing before late April increases the risk of frost damage with early flowering varieties such as Mandelup.
• Current angustifolius varieties vary in their resistance rating for phomopsis. If lupin stubble grazing is required, it is recommended to grow a variety with the R rating for phomopsis.
• Maintain soil pH_Ca above 5.5 to maximise plant health and potential grain yield.
• Albus lupins require paddocks with good drainage.
• Always do a germination test on seed and adjust the sowing rate accordingly. Sowing quality seed is critical to achieving adequate plant density and high yields.
• Insect management during pod fill is critical to produce export quality albus lupins.
• High shattering losses can occur in varieties such as Mandelup when harvest is delayed past maturity.

Variety selection

Select lupin varieties depending on yield potential for your environment and resistance to diseases that cause regular problems in your area. 
This symbol denotes Plant Breeder’s Rights apply.

Narrow-leaf lupins

Jenabillup. Released in 2007 by the Western Australian Department of Agriculture and Food (DAFWA). High yielding, medium-tall, early flowering variety. Resistant to black pod syndrome (BPS), which is a problem in cool, higher-rainfall areas of southern WA. This resistance also appears to be beneficial in the eastern states when conditions favour high levels of bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV). Commercialised by Seednet, protected by PBR. An End point royalty (EPR) of $2.53/tonne applies.

Mandelup. Released in 2004 by DAFWA. High yielding, early maturing variety with good early vigour. Suited to the low-medium rainfall zones of NSW. Has a tendency to lodge in very high biomass situations and not generally recommended for the higher rainfall zones. Mandelup is the earliest maturing variety currently available and therefore the most suitable for crop topping. Resistant  to phomopsis stem blight. Marketed by Heritage Seeds, protected by PBR. An EPR of $2.53/tonne applies.

PBA Barlock. Released in 2013 by Pulse Breeding Australia (PBA) in WA only to replace Mandelup and Tanjil in all WA lupin-growing zones. Compared with Mandelup, PBA Barlock is slightly later flowering and maturing, but has a shorter harvest height. It is MR to lodging in high rainfall regions and is more R to pod shattering than Mandelup. Resistant  to anthracnose. Tolerant to metribuzin (equal to Mandelup). Moderately resistant  to phomopsis stem blight. Commercialised by Seednet, protected by PBR. An EPR of $2.75/tonne applies.

PBA Gunyidi. Released in 2011 by PBA in WA only as a replacement for all varieties in the medium and low rainfall zones of WA. In NSW, PBA Gunyidi yields have been marginally lower than Mandelup based on long term trial results. PBA Gunyidi has superior resistance to pod shatter and good lodging resistance, allowing later harvest without incurring significant shatter losses. Resistant  to phomopsis stem blight. Moderately resistant  to anthracnose. Tolerance to the herbicide metribuzin is equivalent to Mandelup but is more susceptible to damage from Eclipse^®. Commercialised by Seednet, protected by PBR. An EPR of $2.75/tonne applies.

PBA Jurien. Released in 2015 by PBA in WA. PBA Jurien is a broadly adapted high-yielding variety that is R to anthracnose, phomopsis and grey spot. It is tolerant to metribuzin (superior to PBA Barlock) with early flowering and maturity similar to other current varieties. NSW trials have shown it to be more susceptible to plant lodging than other current varieties in high rainfall areas, particularly when sown early and conditions suit high biomass levels. Commercialised by Seednet, protected by PBR. An EPR of $2.75/tonne applies. 

WALAN2533. A new variety planned for availability in the 2018 season by Seednet. It offers significant yield improvements over current varieties, particularly in the eastern cropping zones of NSW where virus infection from CMV and BYMV can cause significant yield loss in susceptible varieties when seasonal conditions are conducive to high aphid numbers.

Albus lupins

Luxor. Released in 2005 by NSW DPI. Higher yielding than Kiev Mutant and Ultra. Resistant to Pleiochaeta root rot (the cause of many seedling deaths in older varieties). Luxor is seven days later flowering than Ultra, but earlier flowering than its companion line Rosetta. Suited to the medium-low rainfall zones of NSW. Commercialised by Seednet, protected by PBR. An EPR of $3.08/tonne applies.

Rosetta. Released in 2005 by NSW DPI. Higher yielding than Kiev Mutant and Ultra in longer season environments. Moderately resistant to Pleiochaeta root rot. Later flowering and taller than Luxor, it is especially suited to higher rainfall areas. Commercialised by Seednet, protected by PBR. An EPR of $3.08/tonne applies.

Figure 9. NVT Long Term Results (2008-15) for narrow-leaf lupins in the south east of the southern NSW cropping zone. Yields are presented as a percentage of the site mean yield.

 

Figure 10. NVT Long Term Results (2008-15) for albus lupins in the south east of the southern NSW cropping zone. Yields are presented as a percentage of the site mean yield.

Table 4. Lupin (angustifolius) characteristics Table (Data from DAFWA/Pulse Breeding Australia).

M=moderately, S=susceptible, R=resistant, VT=very tolerant, T=tolerant, IT=intolerant

Weed control

There is a range of herbicides to control both broadleaf and grass/cereal weeds in lupins. Sowing early with successful crop establishment is essential to achieve more effective results from herbicides.

Herbicide damage causing yield losses in lupin crops has been observed from both residual herbicides applied before cereal crops and from in-crop herbicides. Plants weakened by herbicides are more susceptible to root and foliar diseases such as Phytophthora root rot, Pleiochaeta root rot and brown leaf spot.

1. Sulfonylurea herbicides, such as Glean^® or Logran^® applied to preceding cereal crops. Take special note of label instructions concerning crop rotation and plant-back periods, particularly on high pH and/or compacted soils, and after prolonged periods of low rainfall or drought.
2. Triazine herbicides, for example, simazine. Be aware that application rates vary significantly on different soil types. Follow label recommendations and avoid spray overlaps. Albus lupin is more sensitive to triazine damage.
3. Clopyralid, for example, Lontrel^® applied to preceding cereal crops. Clopyralid can carry over in straw and affect subsequent crops.
4. Metosulam (for example, Eclipse^®). Damage can occur in-crop if applied beyond the recommended growth stage. Some varieties are sensitive and have narrow safety margins. Follow label recommendations.

For more detailed information on current weed control and plant-back recommendations, refer to pesticide labels and NSW DPI guide ‘Weed control in winter crops’.

 

Further Information

NSW DPI Winter Crop Variety Sowing Guide 2016 

Pulse Australia: information on growing pulses including:
Crop specific production guides.

National Variety Trials - Detailed NVT trial results and links to variety information.

Weed control in winter crops (NSW DPI, 2016).

Insect and mite control in field crops (NSW DPI, 2013). 

Winter pulse disorders: The Ute Guide (GRDC).

NSW DPI website for various pulse crop Agfacts. 
NSW DPI Southern NSW Research Results 2015.

References

Burns H, Norton M and Tyndall P (2017). ‘Topsoil stratification impacts on pulse production in SE Australia’. In: Proceedings of 2017 Wagga Wagga Grains Research Update. 14-15 February, 2016’

Lindbeck K, Moore K, Richards M, O’Connor G (2017).  ‘Pulse Diseases — The ‘Watch Outs’ for 2017’. In: Proceedings of 2017 Wagga Wagga Grains Research Update. 14-15 February, 2016.

NSW DPI Winter Crop Variety Sowing Guide 2016 

Victorian Winter Crop Summary 2016 — Lentil, Vic DEDJTR

Contact details

Mark Richards
NSW Department of Primary Industries
Wagga Wagga Agricultural Institute 
Pine Gully Road, Wagga Wagga 2650
0269 381831
mark.richards@dpi.nsw.gov.au
@NSWDPI_Agronomy